Hopelessness and Dysfunctional Attitude in Children Under the Support of Child Labor Centers in the South of Tehran in 1400

Introduction: One of the problems that threaten children in developing societies is the issue of child labor. Due to the special conditions of their lives, these children cannot use the requirements of that age range and are deprived of it, so they are among the most vulnerable sections of the society. are located and due to their living conditions and environment, their different family and social aspects are affected. The International Labor Organization allows children to do light work from the age of 13. Light jobs are activities that are not in the scope of work such as military or drug activities and do not interfere with the child's education, physical and mental development. One of the challenges of child labor is its effects on children's mental health. One of the most important dimensions of mental health that is damaged in child labor is hope. Maltreatment, abuse, violence, and neglect of the child causes hopelessness in the child. In Kerfut's study, 52 percent of working children who were completely separated from their families experienced a feeling of hopelessness, and working children had lower indicators of hope for the future than other peers. In addition, working in children can have a negative effect on the growth and cognitive performance of children. Cognitive structures that organize thoughts are called schemas, maladaptive schemas include dysfunctional thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes toward self and others. These attitudes are more apparent in children who have less quality of life and social support and face more loneliness and interpersonal problems. Due to the existence of effects and consequences of child labor phenomenon, there is a need for systematic studies regarding the identification of mental health dimensions, such as investigating the dimensions of hopelessness and ineffective attitude. Therefore, in order to make constructive changes, access to descriptive information about the situation of working children and identifying variables affecting their mental health is needed. This research can be used as a basic study for future research, also after evaluating the variables of the research by implementing mental nursing interventions, it is possible to take steps to improve the mental health of the target community. This study was conducted with the aim of determining frustration and dysfunctional attitude in working children of Tehran in 1400. Method: The current descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted among working children in Tehran in 1400. The current research population included working children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years under the support of centers for working children in the south of Tehran. The working children's centers were selected based on the geographical area in the south of Tehran city, which included the four centers of Molavi-Bazar-Khavaran and the center of all children. The number of working children in Molvi Center was 134 members, Bazar Center 134 members, Khavaran Center 144 members and All Molvi Children Center 88 members. In the initial visit to each center, the objectives of the research were explained in simple language for children. Children aged 10 to 15 took the consent form home for their parents to sign, and because it was not possible for parents to enter the centers (due to the corona pandemic), the contact number and response time were informed, and the families' doubts were answered. Children aged 15 to 18 first signed the consent form personally and help was sought from the officials of the centers to obtain the consent form. Finally, the consent form was signed by the family or the legal guardian, which was collected from the people in the next visit. The criteria for entering the study included being literate, at least one year of working in child labor centers, and not having an emotional crisis such as the death of parents or first-degree people in the past six months. A number of children were receiving educational and support support and were not working at the time of the research. Also, the spread of Corona and the closure of jobs, especially seasonal jobs, caused some children to work less and only study. They entered the study with the opinion of the research group. Due to the corona pandemic, restrictions, health protocols and considering the health of children under the care of the centers and not prolonging the sampling, 247 people were included in the study through continuous sampling, which lasted for 8 months from April 1400 to November of this year. It took 1400. 92 people from Molvi Center, 70 people from Bazar Center, 80 people from Khavaran Center, 5 people from All Children Center were included in the study. The data collection tool included the demographic information checklist and the children's dysfunctional attitude scale DAS C D. Alessandro and Burton. And the children's frustration questionnaire (CHS) was Kasdino (1986). The collected data were analyzed using the methods of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics of tests, analysis of variance, independent t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient with a confidence level of 95% using SPSS software version 16. Results: The age range of 10-12 years had the highest frequency (42.90%), 53.44% of the children were boys and the rest were girls. These children studied in the first to sixth grades and the first and second secondary schools, and the third and fourth grades (31.20%) were more frequent than other levels. 43.31% of children only studied and 56.70% studied and worked at the same time. Most of the children's guardians were parents (80.56%). 66.80% of working children were of non-Iranian nationality and the rest were Iranian. The number of family members of 7-8 people has been more frequent than other levels36.00 percent). 56.7% of children worked, and peddling (32.90%) and tailoring (24.30%) were more frequent than other levels. The duration of support in more than half of the children was three years or less (64.01%). The results showed that the average level of hopelessness (7.63±1.96) in children under the support of working children's centers in the south of Tehran was at an optimal level. It was more in hopelessness than in happiness (28.51±19.81). Also, the average overall happiness (28.51±19.8) and the average ineffective attitude (74.16±16.96) were at the optimal level. Hopelessness only had a statistically significant relationship with the work status of the children in the study (p=0.029) and between ineffective attitude with education (p=0.026), guardianship status (p=0.029) and duration of support (p=0.022). There was a statistically significant relationship (p=0). There was no statistically significant correlation between ineffective attitude and frustration of working children (p<0.050). Disappointment only had a statistically significant relationship with the work status of the children in the study (p=0.029), although Tukey's post hoc test did not show a statistically significant difference between the work status. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the mean of frustration and ineffective attitude in working children was favorable and there was no significant relationship between ineffective attitude and frustration of children under the support of centers for working children in the south of Tehran. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct more studies in the future and in a longer period of time. Considering the limited researches in Iran, the frustration and ineffective attitude of working children in research topics should be given more attention. The results of this study showed that frustration and overall happiness in working children in the south of Tehran city were favorable, but future expectations were at the middle level of research tools, it is recommended that intervention studies be conducted with the aim of improving the future expectations dimension of children's frustration and the influence of cultural factors, economic, social, hopelessness and ineffective attitude in children under the support of working children's centers. The results of this study showed that the highest score of ineffective attitude was among working children under the supervision of others and with a support period of two years, so it is suggested that in future interventions, a special focus should be placed on working children who are under the supervision of others other than their parents. . On the other hand, according to the results of the research, interventions should be planned in order to strengthen the ineffective attitude of children who have recently been supported by the centers. Considering the lack of significant relationship between dysfunctional attitude and hopelessness of children under the support of working children's centers in the south of Tehran, it is suggested that mediating and intervening variables be investigated..